Validation and measurement invariance of the Feedback Orientation Scale in Filipino secondary and university students

As students must be open to receive feedback to use it effectively, this study examined the factor structure of the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS) scale and tested its measurement invariance across 308 university students and 438 secondary school students in the Philippines. The results supported measurement invariance of the four-factor structure at configural, metric, and scalar levels. Although the bi-factor model has the best model fit for the total sample, it also has inconsistent results in the two groups of students. The FOS was also positively associated with increased engagement across educational levels. The FOS is a valid and reliable measure of assessing four fundamental perceptions of teacher feedback among students in secondary and higher education. Copyright © 2023 AERA.