Tranquillity amidst the bustle: Positive solitude and public open space design in high-density urban contexts

The prevailing paradigm in urban public open space (POS) design emphasises fostering social interaction; it overlooks the equally critical need for urban solitude, secrecy and privacy. In this study, we aim to address this gap by contextualising positive solitude (PS) in POSs within high-density urban environments and examining the spatial conditions that shape these experiences, using Hong Kong as a case study. Empirical research methods, including behavioural mapping and on-site participant observation, are used to investigate four POSs in Sham Shui Po, Kowloon City and Kwai Tsing. Through a comprehensive analysis of the role, function and utilisation of POSs, this research elucidates residents’ perceptions and practices of solitary space use, revealing that a significant proportion of Hong Kong POS users actively visit and utilise these spaces alone. Our analysis of how the physical and social characteristics of these spaces support PS experiences sheds light on the complex interplay between urban design elements and the fulfilment of residents’ solitude needs. This research provides an in-depth understanding of PS in a crowded urban setting, advocating for developing evidence-based POS design guidelines that consider appropriate support for PS behaviours and activities. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader goal of creating more liveable and psychologically supportive urban environments, particularly in the context of high-density cities. Copyright © 2025 Urban Studies Journal Limited.