The relationship between Hong Kong Rugby refereeing level and their level of mental toughness and self-efficacy: Mixed method study

Purposes: This study investigates the relationship between mental toughness and performance in Hong Kong rugby referees, who face high-pressure demands as critical arbiters ensuring fair play and match continuity. Despite mental toughness's crucial role in officiating, limited research explores its impact on referees' performance and developmental progression across competition levels within Hong Kong’s specific sporting context.
Methodology: This mixed-methods study investigates the relationship between refereeing levels (High/Moderate/Low, n≈60) and psychological traits (mental toughness/self-confidence) among Hong Kong referees. Quantitative data, collected via anonymous online surveys (Referee Self-Efficacy Scale and Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire), will undergo one-way ANOVA to assess associations between refereeing levels (dependent variable) and psychological traits (independent variables). Despite a calculated required sample size of 69 (G*Power; f=0.445, α=0.05, power=0.9), the anticipated 60 participants necessitate supplementary qualitative interviews (6-9 participants) using the 4C’s model (Control, Commitment, Challenge, Confidence) to contextualize findings and address statistical limitations, ensuring a comprehensive exploration of referees’ psychological resilience.
Results: The mental toughness and self-efficacy levels are higher for higher-level referees in Hong Kong.
Conclusion: Better mental toughness and self-efficacy could help refereeing.