The emergence of new citizenship: Looking into the self and beyond the nation

This paper shares with participants an analysis of the findings from the first phase of the IEA Civic Education Study launched in 1995. The first phase is mainly a qualitative study phase, soliciting background information from all participating countries through documentary analysis and interviews with key informants. The study provides information for designing the instrument for a large-scale survey to be conducted in the second-phase study. The first-phase study produced 24 country reports. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the 24 case study reports. It shares methodological considerations in the analysis of these case studies, as well as the key concepts of citizenship generated from such an analysis. As the title of this paper indicates, the study identifies a paradoxical orientation of looking into the self and beyond the nation when people define citizenship for themselves. In addition, this study found rich concepts of citizenship that address to the increasingly complex and multicultural social settings in today’s society, such as supranational and global citizenship, depoliticization and deideologization in citizenship, and economic concerns in citizenship.