Regulation of human behaviors

The development of the frontal systems is a major evolutionary advancement of the human race. It enables the regulation of behaviors in accordance with goals and, hence, frees humans from the constraints imposed by our basic physiological instincts. The burgeoning neuroscience and neuropsychology literature has consistently highlighted the important roles played by the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex in effective and efficient regulation of behaviors. On the other hand, aging is associated with changes in the neural network subserving behavioral regulation. Different neuropathologies also impact upon the function of the prefrontal cortex–anterior cingulate cortex system. Therefore, our brains require neural mechanisms in place that can facilitate functional recovery after brain injuries. Future research to enhance theoretical understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the regulation of behaviors would contribute to the development of cost–effective treatment modalities that promote maximum functional return in people recovering from brain dysfunctions. Copyright © 2007 Future Medicine Ltd.