Private tutoring in English: Lessons learnt and ways forward

Based on the collection in this volume, this chapter concludes with the lessons learnt from the phenomenon of English private tutoring (EPT) in 13 countries (Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Morocco, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States) across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America. It compares and contrasts from an international perspective the features of EPT in these countries, and it analyses the scale and nature of EPT and English language learners’ motives for receiving EPT. It also discusses how governments and policymakers in these countries responded to the growing spread of the phenomenon of EPT. The chapter ends with pedagogical implications for English language teaching and directions for further research in EPT, including the increasing significance of online EPT during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. It also emphasises the importance of understanding the emerging and ever-changing agency of language learners as well as other stakeholders situated in the wider sociocultural context to formulate English language learners’ desired self-image. Copyright © 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.