Potential of nickel and cobalt resistant microorganisms for effective phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils

Nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) are widely utilized in various industrial sectors, particularly as components of corrosion-resistant steels and in galvanic production. Pollution of natural environments with these potentially toxic elements is a common consequence of anthropogenic activities. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying microbial resistance to these metals is crucial for their effective remediation. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the molecular genetic mechanisms that enable prokaryotes to resist and actively detoxify Ni and Co. The processes involved in metal uptake, intracellular binding, and energy-dependent efflux of toxic cations are examined in detail. Notably, only a limited number of studies have investigated these mechanisms within the context of genomic interactions (crosstalk) between plants and microbial communities. Furthermore, the potential applications and challenges associated with selecting metal-resistant microbial-plant associations—such as hyperaccumulator plants and rhizosphere bacteria—for induced phytoremediation are thoroughly discussed. To date, no prior literature review has systematically explored the potential of Ni- and Co-resistant microorganisms for remediation purposes. This review critically evaluates the mechanisms of Ni and Co uptake by bacterial cells and emphasizes its role in plant-microbes interactions. Copyright © 2025 The Author(s).