Issues in high-stakes assessment

This chapter describes and discusses the major issues involved in high-stakes assessment and refers, where appropriate, to the language benchmark case study, which is described in the following chapters. The full taxonomy of major issues outlined below is not and need not always be present in its entirety in every set of benchmarks, including language benchmarks. However, most major issues need to be taken into account whenever agencies and assessment specialists meet to plan, create, establish and implement benchmarks either for the public or for specialist bodies. Copyright © 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.