Internationalization of Chinese higher education in Latin American campuses

Confucius Institutes are government-sponsored cultural centres devoted to Chinese language education and cultural extension programmes around the world. This chapter puts to fore a historiography of power relations surrounding a case of Confucius Institutes in Latin American Peru. As early as the 1840s there was an established transpacific passage between Qing China and Peru that involved movements of economic, cultural or linguistic capitals. The transnationalism between China and Peru during the second half of the 20th century was marred by ideology import and export. The power relations between Peru and China have evolved with distinctive forms and techniques, reaching the 21st century with language education and cultural exchange as their dominant currencies, and mediated by higher education as a state apparatus.