Exploring the longitudinal dynamics of self-criticism, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, and mental health in a three-wave study

Self-compassion has been emphasized in its association with reducing anxiety, narcissism, and self-criticism. At the same time, self-judgment as the counter side of self-kindness tends to interchange with the description of self-criticism, which can lead to potential stress and mental illness. Meanwhile, psychological flexibility enhanced through Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) emerges and is engaged as a therapeutic action after self-compassion. Hence, based on The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, this three-wave longitudinal study examined longitudinal connections between (1) cognitive appraisal – self-criticism (comparative self-criticism and internalized self-criticism); (2) coping – self-compassion and psychological flexibility (acceptance and action), and (3) outcome – mental health. Regarding the results, at baseline, 412 participants (M age = 39.73, SD = 12.75; 83% female) were enrolled; follow-up rates were 56% at 6 months and 28%(N=115, M age = 40.88, SD = 13.00, 78.3% female) at 12 months. Using the Repeated Measures Panel Analysis Framework, the model investigation with the good fit model index supports the hypothesized pathways based on the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping. Self-compassion and psychological flexibility have been examined to be consistent and stable coping strategies negatively associated with self-criticism. Hence, the current study outcome serves as a theoretical foundation that supports the development of the intervention, evidenced by the potential mediating role or function of self-compassion or compassion-focused therapy and enhancing psychological flexibility through acceptance and commitment therapy. Copyright © 2025 The Author(s).