Developing loyal citizens: A case study of social studies education in Pakistan

Social studies is a core school subject in Pakistan. Its curriculum is predominantly based on Islamic ideology that provided a rationale for a separate and an independent state. Islam, as a political ideology, shaped the socio-political structures in the country, and education is not an exception. Thus, social studies education has been and is being used as a tool by the state to indoctrinate the younger generation with Islamic ideology, nationalism and patriotism in a way that suits the interest of the dominant power groups. Amidst the ethnic, cultural and linguistic diversities, Islam is considered to be the primary source of national integration and identity formation. Although Islam has been integral to the educational policy initiatives and reform agenda, at times it has also been misused for both national and international political motives. This chapter explores and describes the status of social studies education against the backdrop of numerous educational policy initiatives and curricular reforms. To address the existing gaps, the chapter proposes a dynamic and multidimensional approach to re-visioning social studies education in Pakistan. It underscores the need for developing critical and conscientious minds, having the ability to demonstrate global understanding underpinned by values such as diversity, pluralism, social justice, fairness and rights and responsibilities. Copyright © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Kerry J Kennedy; individual chapters, the contributors.