Cost-effective water-energy nexus: A California case study

Energy embedded in the provision of water has been the subject of numerous water-energy nexus studies that are nearly unanimous in recommending integrated evaluation of energy and water savings from demand-side management. Joint implementation of DSM, however, remains a rare exception. The authors link a forward-looking marginal water supply approach and the well-established energy avoided cost framework to jointly value water and energy efficiency savings, and apply it to a case study set in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.