Confucianism and critical patriotism: A framework for moral and civic education

This paper examines how Confucianism provides a valuable framework for cultivating critical patriotism in education. Unlike blind nationalism, critical patriotism combines love for one’s country with ethical reflection and accountability. By drawing on Confucian values such as ren (benevolence), li (ritual propriety), and xiao (filial piety), the study illustrates how Confucian teachings promote moral self-cultivation and social responsibility. This approach encourages citizens to actively participate in civic duties while holding their government accountable to ethical standards. While key differences remain between Confucian and liberal-democratic traditions, Confucianism aligns with critical patriotism principles by emphasising reflective self-examination and balancing loyalty with just governance. The paper argues for integrating Confucian principles into educational systems to develop reflective, responsible citizens who consider both national and global interests. Amid rising nationalism and global challenges like inequality and environmental degradation, fostering critical patriotism through Confucian ethics offers a meaningful solution, encouraging engaged citizens committed to social justice, ethical governance, and the common good. Copyright © 2025 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.