項目反應理論新進展之題組反應理論

通常把測驗中共用同一刺激的項目集合稱為題組，並把由共同刺激引起的題組項目反應間的相依性稱為題組效應。本文首先分別對題組、局部獨立性和局部依賴性的概念進行了介紹和梳理，並結合前人研究給出了題組效應的概念。之後在闡明直接使用標準項目反應模型去擬合題組反應數據會導致參數估計偏差等諸多問題後，引出能更好地處理題組效應的題組反應模型。全文詳細介紹了包括高階題組模型和多水準題組模型在內的6種題組反應模型，通過對“如何理解題組反應模型中的區分度參數”和“題組反應模型與多維項目反應模型的關系”兩問題的探討，認為：(1)題組反應模型與標準項目反應模型中的區分度參數含義並不相同，直接將兩者進行對比是不合理的；(2)題組反應模型屬於廣義多維項目反應模型，與狹義多維項目反應模型的主要區別在於滿足廣義局部獨立性假設時所需要控制的潛因素不同。
A testlet is a cluster of items that share a common passage, stimulus, or other context, and the dependence between testlet-based item responses that caused by the common stimulus called testlet effect. This article introduced and combed the concepts of testlet, local independence and local dependence, and proposed the concepts of testlet effect in accordance with previous research. Applying standard item response models to testlet responses leaded to many problems such as biased parameter estimation and overestimation of test reliability, hence, testlet response model was introduced to deal with testlet effect better. 6 testlet response models were described in detail including Higher-order testlet model and Multilevel testlet model, and two issues were discussed: (a) the connotation of slope parameter in testlet response model is different from that in standard item response theory which is inappropriate to contrast the two directly; (b) testlet response model belongs to general multidimensional item response model and the main distinction with special multidimensional item response model is the latent factors needed to control to satisfy general local dependence hypothesis. Copyright © 2013 中國科學院心理研究所.