宋代北方官話與邵雍“ 天聲地音 ”圖

本文討論北宋邵雍《皇極經世書》中的 “天聲地音” 圖所反映的音系為宋代北方官話 (以幽燕地區為中心)，而不是中原官話 (以汴洛地區為中心)。根據現代北京話裡入聲字文白異讀現象，可以看出文讀與白讀有不同的音變規則。以通江宕曾梗攝入聲字為例，白讀音以 [-u] 或 [-i] 收尾，文讀音為零韵尾。由此類推，這些入聲字韵尾在宋代的北方官話與中原官話應有所不同。本文以內部構擬法證明邵氏 “天聲地音” 圖中對入聲字的安排合乎北方官話的音變規律，而不合中原官話的音變規律。此外，本文用統計數字說明，祖藉范陽的邵雍，其詩文入聲韵的使用與北宋洛陽人陳與義的用韵有明顯差異，這個差異也只能以邵氏的北方官話和陳氏的中原官話之間的差別來解釋。基於上述理由，本文在周祖謨構擬的基礎上，重新構擬了邵氏 “天聲地音” 圖的音系。
This study holds that the sound system reflected in Shao Yong’s Tiansheng Diyin Table belongs to the Northern Mandarin in the Song Dynasty instead of the Central Mandarin (pre-vailed in the Bianluo area, as argued in Zhou, 1943). This view is based on two pieces of evi-dence. First, the entering-tone-syllables in the modern Beijing dialect from tong-jiang-dang rhyme groups have two different syllable endings [-u] and [-i] for colloquial reading, and zero ending for literal reading. This phenomenon correlates to the arrangement of the same groups of entering-tone-syllables in Tiansheng Diyin Table, based on which the study has found that the arrangement matches the sound changes occurred in the Northern Mandarin, but not those in the Central Mandarin. The second evidence comes from a statistical analysis from a compari-son of Shao Yong’s rhyming pattern with Chen Yuyi’s rhyming pattern. This analysis indi-cates that different rhyming patterns revealed by the two sets could be explained only by their different accents, i.e., Shao Yong spent his early childhood in the Youyan area and spoke the Northern Mandarin, whereas Chen Yuyi, a native of Luoyang, spoke the Central Mandarin. Based on the above analysis, the study has, therefore, reconstructed the sound system of Shao Yong’s Tiansheng Diyin Table. Copyright © 2004 北京語言文化大學出版社.