來母三四等字在部分方言中今讀塞音的音變分析

在如今的大多數漢語方言中，來母字讀邊音[1] ，但在部分方言中，來母三四等字被讀為塞音[d]、[d’]、[t]或[t’](本文用不帶方括號的d統稱這類塞音)。從方言分布範圍來看，這類音變分布很廣，方言類屬不同的地方都有這種音變的痕跡，很可能是自然音變的結果。從本文的方言調查和語音實驗來看，泉州發音人的來母三四等字有著1和d以及它們中間狀態的各種變體，音變仍在進行之中。上海發音人偶然出現[li]變讀為[ti]的情況,說明細音前l易變為d，此音變很可能存在於無意識的發音過程中。從生理發音的角度進行分析，l和d調音部位(place of articulation)相同，但調音動作(manner of articulation)不同。我們從輔音和元音間的音渡動程、舌尖活動情況、氣流強度和方向之間的關係出發，解釋l在細音前易變為d的音變原理。l在細音前易變讀為d，為l和d之間的相互轉化提供了契機。本文討論的音變，對侗臺語和漢語方言清濁音變圈中d和l雙向變化環節的音變原理及過程提供一些具體分析。

Initial of MC Lai 來 is usually pronounced as lateral[l]in most modern dialects, but sometimes it is pronounced as plosives[d], [dh], [t]or[th], which the author marks as d in this paper. Such phonetics change distributes widely in Chinese dialects and should be a result of natural sound change.Based on field investigations and phonetic experiments, the paper finds that initial of MC Lai in Quanzhou dialect are pronounced as lateral[1], plosive[d], or any contiguous variants casually. While in Shanghai, [li] is sometimes pronounced as[ti], which proves that 1 can easily change to d with a close front vowel and such sound change may be unconscious. From a physiology prospect, 1 and d are of the same place of articulation but of different manners of articulation. That 1 can easily change to d with a close front vowel provides a good chance for the change between 1 and d, and is proved in this paper from the prospects of the process from initial to vowel, the move of apex linguae, the intensity of breath and so on.Analysis in this paper provides evidences for phonetics change theory of bidirectional change of d and I in Kam-Tai and Chinese dialects. Copyright © 2015 全國漢語方言學會.